Principles of behavioral learning theories are highly useful for trainer in order to impart maximum knowledge and skills to the trainees. According to Donna Green 2002, the principles of behavioral learning theories can be useful in facilitating learning within the classroom. However, they do not account for the motivation or thought behind actions taken. Therefore, our next two articles in this series will focus on cognitive theories and perspectives of learning.
However, blind adherence to these principles can cause more harm than good. Each principle should, therefore, be interpreted and applied carefully in full consideration of the particular task being learned and the most important of them are-
1. The role of consequences
Behavior changes according to its immediate consequences. There are two types’ consequences.
1. Pleasurable consequences: Increase the frequency an individual engages in a behavior. Example; Strengthen behavior
2. Unpleasant consequences: Reduce the frequency of a behavior. For example; Weaken behavior
2. Reinforcement:
Whether student will do well in class depends on whether they are rewarded by their teacher for good work, its name reinforcement. Some types of reinforcement are-
Primary reinforcement: Satisfy basic human needs. Examples: food, water, security, warmth.
Secondary reinforcement: Have their value based on association of primary reinforcement, or other established secondary reinforcement.
Examples: money, grades, social reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement:
Negative reinforcement:
– Reinforcement that are escaped from.
– By removing the stimulus or a person wanting to prevent it from happening will strengthen a behavior in question.
3. Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement
Intrinsic reinforcement:
- Doing the thing itself is rewarding.
- Hobby: we do it without other people reward we
Extrinsic reinforcement:
- Pleasant consequences provide by others.
- Example: Praise, money, etc.
4. Punishment
Whether student will learn depends on whether they are punished for poor work. If unpleasant consequence does not reduce the frequency of a behavior, it is not a punishment. A major difference between negative reinforcement and punishment.
5. Immediacy of consequences
- The important principle is: giving feedback in time!
- The effect of an immediate reinforcement is greater than a delayed one.
- It makes clear the connection between behavior and consequence
- Increase the informational value of the feedback
Example: why weight-losing is so hard!
6. Shaping
Shaping means reinforcing learners for approaching the desired final behavior; Reinforce behaviors that are within students’ current capabilities.
- When teaching students new skills or knowledge,
- First, breaking down the entire thing into small parts
- By achieving each small goal, reinforce them
- So eventually students can do the whole thing
7. Extinction
Definition: the disappearance of a behavior after the reinforcement has been withdrawn.
Extinction burst: behavior intensified when the reinforcement is first withdrawn
- The behavior might weaken until the behavior disappears
- The behavior may return after much time has passed
- Example: classroom call out, breaking up with an unsuitable partner.
8. Schedules of reinforcement
Psychologists have identified several different schedules of reinforcement. When reinforcement is administered uninterruptedly, it is called continuous reinforcement. Instead, in organizations, reinforcements are administered following partial reinforcement schedules. They are-
a. Fixed-ratio schedule: a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of behaviors
b. Variable-ratio schedule: the number of behaviors required for reinforcement is unpredictable
c. Fixed interval: reinforcement at certain periodic times
d. Fixed ratio schedule: Reinforcement is administered after the desired behaviors occur a specified number of times. E.g.: Piece rating
9. Maintenance
The principle of extinction holds that when reinforcement for a previously learned behavior is withdrawn, the behavior fades away, Does this mean that teacher must reinforce students’ behavior identify or they will disappear.
10. The role of antecedents
The stimuli that precede a behavior also play an important role in learning.
A. cueing: antecedent stimuli inform us what behavior will be reinforced and what will be punished
B. discrimination: Teachers should tell students which behavior is to be reinforced
C. generalization: Transfer of behaviors learned under one situation to other situations
D. techniques for increasing generalization: Teaching application to real life
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