Steps of research report
The American Psychological Association's (APA) method of citation is one of the most widely used styles for writing scientific and research papers, particularly in the areas of psychology, sociology, business, mathematics, economics, nursing and criminal justice. While this style often can be intimidating. There are main 10 steps such as-
Title and title page
Identify variables and theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them
Author note contains acknowledgment of special circumstances:
Use of data also appearing in previous publications, dissertations, or conference papers
Sources of funding or other support
Relationships that may be perceived as conflicts of interest
Abstract
The abstract is a very short summary of your paper. This section is placed immediately after the title page. According to the rules of APA format, the abstract should be no more than 150 to 250 words.
Introduction
The importance of the problem:
Theoretical or practical implications
Review of relevant scholarship:
Relation to previous work
If other aspects of this study have been reported on previously, how the current report differs from these earlier reports
Specific hypotheses and objectives:
Theories or other means used to derive hypotheses
Primary and secondary hypotheses, other planned analyses
How hypotheses and research design relate to one another
Method
Participant characteristics
Eligibility and exclusion criteria, including any restrictions based on demographic characteristics
Major demographic characteristics as well as important topic-specific characteristics or in the case of animal research, genus and species
Sampling procedures
Procedures for selecting participants, including:
The sampling method if a systematic sampling plan was implemented
Percentage of sample approached that participated
Self-selection
Settings and locations where data were collected
Agreements and payments made to participants
Institutional review board agreements, ethical standards met, safety monitoring
Sample size, power, and Precision
Intended sample size
Actual sample size, if different from intended sample size
How sample size was determined:
Power analysis or methods used to determine precision of parameter estimates
Explanation of any interim analyses and stopping rules
Measures and covariates
Definitions of all primary and secondary measures and covariates:
Include measures collected but not included in this report
Methods used to collect data
Methods used to enhance the quality of measurements:
Training and reliability of data collectors
Use of multiple observations
Information on validated or ad hoc instruments created for individual studies, for example, Psychometric and biometric properties
Research design
Whether conditions were manipulated or naturally observed
Type of research design; Randomized experiments, Quasi-experiments
Other designs would have different reporting needs associated with them
Results
Participant flow
Total number of participants
Flow of participants through each stage of the study
Recruitment
Dates defining the periods of recruitment and repeated measurements or follow-up
Statistics and data analysis
Information concerning problems with statistical assumptions and/or data distributions that could affect the validity of findings
Missing data
For each primary and secondary outcome and for each subgroup, a summary of
Cases deleted from each analysis
Subgroup or cell sample sizes, cell means, standard deviations, or other estimates of precision, and other descriptive statistics
Effect sizes and confidence intervals
and others data analysis.
Ancillary analyses
Discussion of implications of ancillary analyses for statistical error rates
Discussion
Statement of support or nonsupport for all original hypotheses:
Distinguished by primary and secondary hypotheses
Post hoc explanations
Similarities and differences between results and work of others
Interpretation of the results, taking into account:
Sources of potential bias and other threats to internal validity
Imprecision of measures and other contextual issues
Reference
Begin the references section on a new page, with a centered, bold faced heading. List the works you cited in alphabetical order by the first author's last name. Indent the second line of each bibliography entry and double space the entire list.
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