The basic trend in growth and development from infancy to maturity is one of increasing independency. A study of Emmerich, Goldman and Shore 1971 shown, Teresa Jones was completely dependent on her parents when she was an infant. As a preschooler, she depended on her family and teachers. Entering school was Teresa’s first big step away from her family into the outside world. In school, she held her to her parents began to loosen as she took on the role of student and she become a part of peer society. There are one or more equal aged and sized groups.
In the peer group she found a new kind of identity and developed feelings of adequacy and acceptance. Foe one thing, her peers had interests and values that were different from those of her family. Their standards of behavior were more readily attainable that the rules of conduct imposed by adults. 9 year olds do not expect other 9 year olds to conform to adult standards behavior, hence Teresa like most of her peers, felt more comfortable in the company of other 9 year olds than in the company of adults.
New pattern appear during adolescence. A survey in which a large number of students aged 8 to 17 found that they (adolescence) were usually able to avoid angry conflict with adults. There seemed to be an unspoken, mutual agreement on the part of both adolescents and adults to keep the two worlds separate.
Who Children like best
According to Byrne 1971, the degree to which their interests, attitudes and values resemble ours.
By the time children have arrived at the middle elementary grades, they have fair idea of how to judge the interests, values and attitude of their peers and have begun to from cliques, play groups, and gangs on that basis. It does happen, of course, that children with widely divergent interests from a group. If the group stays together, they share experiences and come to agree on matters that are important to their identity as a group. These shared attitudes and behavior are what are termed group norms.
According to Busk, Ford and Schulman 1973, the general trend over the childhood yeas, therefore, is for more stability in friendships in the fourth grade endured over a two-month period, in contrast to 64 percent for the sixth grade and 68 percent for the seventh and eight grades.
According to Kandel 1973, students who used marihuana were more likely to have friends who also used it, whereas those who did not use it were more likely to have values friend who also abstained. Adolescents who use marihuana have values and attitudes that are quite different from those who do not use it, a matter we will explore further when we discuss adolescent attitudes toward authority.
Relation with peers during the middle years of childhood
This stage of social development occurs when children want to share their experience with someone with whom they can communicate easily and readily. One the other hand, there are some important sex differences such as-
1. Girls characteristically mature earlier than boys.
2. Girls are quicker to enter into cooperative relations with other children.
3. Once boys begin to associate with others, they tend to form larger and more active groups than girls do.
There is also some tendency for boy’s groups to be some what more defiant of adult authority and girls groups to be more cooperative. This is especially true during the preadolescent and adolescent years.
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