Concept;
A concept is a mental image, generalization, of certain characteristics and aspects that make up an item. This list of characteristics is not a label, but can be used to describe all examples of items under that category and separate them from non-examples.
According to E.R. Leach 1954, a concept is a kind of unit in terms of which one thinks; a unit smaller than a judgment, proposition, or theory, but one which necessarily enters into these. In an assertion, something is predicated of a concept, and the predicate itself can generally be re-described as a concept. At the same time, however, the concept is by no means an ultimate or indivisible unit, for concepts can be augmented or diminished by addition or subtraction of some feature. Moreover, while concepts occur within assertions or theories and are thus distinct from them, a proposition or theory or thesis as a whole can in turn be referred to as a further concept.
According to thefreedictionary.com concept is:
• "A general idea derived or inferred from specific instances or occurrences."
• "Something formed in the mind; a thought or notion."
• "A scheme or a plan
Therefore a concept can be described as an idea or plan that is first thought up. The concept is really the first and initial stage of something and it can be vital to the overall result as lying great foundations will ensure a strong finish.
Types of concept;
There are some types of concepts such as-
Conjunctive concepts
Disjunctive concepts
Goal derived concepts
Typicality concepts
Level of Concept
1. General or theoretical concept
2. Sub level concept
3. Operational concept
Data
Data are distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word. In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information.
Research data is data that is collected, observed, or created, for purposes of analysis to produce original research results. The word “data” is used throughout this site to refer to research data.
Research data can be generated for different purposes and through different processes, and can be divided into different categories. Each category may require a different type of data management plan such as observational, experimental, simulation, derive or compiled and reference or canonical data.
Data are collected in order to subtanceate and idea or motion. Adequate data may astabicated the relation between cause and effect-
1. Qualitative - basic of some attributes.
2. Quantative - numeric data
3. Chronological – basic of time
4. Geographical – basic of division, area.
Fact
A fact is regarded as an empirically verifiable observation. Thus the fact of science are the product of observation, which the theoretically relevant and are meaningful to the purpose of enquiry.
According to wikihow, A fact is an objective, verifiable observation. It is the same everywhere. It can be, and has been, verified many times.
For example, we know that the germ theory of illness is a fact because we can take bacteria from someone suffering from an illness, look at that bacteria under a microscope, and then inject that bacteria into another individual--who will then get that same illness. We know that the Earth is round because we can travel due west and eventually end up where we started from.
Role of Fact
(1) Facts help to initiate theories.
(2) They lead to the reformulation of existing theory.
(3) They cause rejection of theories that do not fit the facts.
(4) They change the focus and orientation of theory and
(5) they clarify and redefine theory.
Theory;
Theory refers to the relationship between facts, or to the ordering of facts in some meaningful way. The development of theory is generally followed by testing the speculation, hunches, tentative generalization or hypothesis.
A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence. A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions and behaviors. A psychological theory has two key components: (1) it must describe a behavior and (2) make predictions about future behaviors.
Theory is a tool of science in these ways
1.it defines the major orientation of a science, by defining the kinds of data that are to be abstracted.
2. It offers a conceptual scheme by which the relevant phenomena are systematized, classified and interrelated.
3. It summarizes facts into empirical generalizations and systems of generalizations.
4. It predicts facts and
5. It points to gaps in our knowledge.
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